秘鲁经济曾经历一段真正的黄金时期，国际媒体一度把它称为“拉美明星”“安第斯之虎”。一切似乎都在向好，但好景不长。2013年前后，增长开始明显放缓：2001—2013年GDP年均增长约6.1%，而2013—2019年却降至约3.1%，几乎腰斩。
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Abstract:Package managers are legion. Every programming language and operating system has its own solution, each with subtly different semantics for dependency resolution. This fragmentation prevents multilingual projects from expressing precise dependencies across language ecosystems; it leaves external system and hardware dependencies implicit and unversioned; it obscures security vulnerabilities that lie in the full dependency graph. We present the \textit{Package Calculus}, a formalism for dependency resolution that unifies the core semantics of diverse package managers. Through a series of formal reductions, we show how this core is expressive enough to model the diversity that real-world package managers employ in their dependency expression languages. By using the Package Calculus as the intermediate representation of dependencies, we enable translation between distinct package managers and resolution across ecosystems.